World War II Behind Closed Doors (66 page)

92
See German investigation into Katyn: ‘Amtliches Material zum Massenmord von Katyn’, Berlin: F. Eher Nachf, pp. 114–35.

93
Quoted in Gross,
Revolution from Abroad
, p. 211.

94
BBC interview.

95
Reproduced in
Katyn 1940–2000: Documents
, Vyes Mir, Moscow, 2001, Document No. 93, p. 674.

96
Sanford,
Katyn
, p. 27.

97
New York Times
, 15 April 1940, L4, p. 5.

98
Kennard to Halifax, 18 May 1940, C5744/116/55.

99
Kennard to Strang, 30 April 1940, FO 371/24472.

100
Strang to Kennard, 14 May 1940, FO 371/24472.

101
BBC interview.

102
Gustav Hilger's Notes (published by Dr Ingeborg Fleishhauer), p. 464.

103
Bundesarchiv Freiburg, RM 11-35, Kriegsmarine M. Att. Russland von 05 Oktober 1939 bis 20 April 1940, Band 1, p. 7, Scan 09.

104
Bundesarchiv Freiburg, RM 11-35, Kriegsmarine M. Att. Russland von 05 Oktober 1939 bis 20 April 1940, Band 1, p. 103, Scan 118.

105
Bundesarchiv Freiburg, RM 11-39, Oberkommando der Kriegsmarine, M. Att. Russland-BN (Basis Nord) vom 29 August 1940 bis 11 März 1941, p. 37, Scan 42, out of the Action report of VM Murmansk, Moscow, 10 October 1940.

106
Letter from the Naval Attaché von Baumbach to the Naval High Command, in copy to the High Command of the Wehrmacht, Moscow, 08 November 1939, Bundesarchiv Freiburg, RM11-35, Kriegsmarine M. Att. Russland vom 05 Oktober 1939 bis 20 April 1940, Band 1, p. 43, Scan 53.

107
Doctor's report about the health situation on board the
Phoenicia
from February until September 1940, p. 1, Scan 03. This is the report which was attached to his private diary. Bundesarchiv Freiburg, RM12II-161.

108
Ibid., Scan 04.

109
Bundesarchiv Freiburg, RM12II-161, 4 May, p. 7, Scan 13.

110
Bundesarchiv Freiburg, RM12II-161, 4 May, p. 9, Scan 15.

111
Clive Ponting,
Winston Churchill
, Sinclair Stevenson, 1994, p. 442.

112
For a full discussion of these crucial Cabinet meetings see PRO Cab 65/13 and PRO Cab 66/7, plus John Lukacs,
Five Days in London
, Yale University Press, 2001, and Ian Kershaw,
Fateful Choices
, Penguin, 2007, pp. 11–54.

113
Dalton Diaries
, pp.26–8, and
The Churchill War Papers
, Vol. 2, pp. 182–84, Sinclair Stevenson, 1997.

114
Winston S. Churchill,
The Second World War
, Penguin Classics, 2005, Vol. 2, p. 88.

115
Churchill,
The Second World War
, Vol. 2, pp. 23 and 51.

116
Edward Crankshaw,
Khrushchev Remembers
, Deutsch, 1974, pp. 156–7.

117
BBC interview.

118
Kershaw,
Fateful Choices
, p. 69.

119
Tobias R. Philbin III,
The Lure of Neptune
, University of South Carolina Press, 1994, pp. 137–42.

120
BBC interview.

121
War diary of the Komet, Bundesarchiv, RM100-49, pp. 55–6.

122
Robert Eyssen, HSK Komet, Kapernfahrt auf allen Meeren, 2nd edition, Koehlers Verlagsges, 2002, pp. 42–3.

123
Letter of the German Naval Attaché in Berlin, Baumbach, to the Naval High Command in Berlin, 30 September 1940, in Bundesarchiv Freiburg, RM 11-39, p. 33.

124
Albert Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, Phoenix, 1996, p. 172.

125
Pavlov, Autobiographical Notes', pp. 104–5. This is also the source for the preceding summary of the talks.

126
Hilger's notes, Nazi-Soviet relations 1939–1941, University Press of the Pacific, 2003, p. 253.

127
Ibid., p. 254.

128
Pavlov, Autobiographical Notes'.

129
Testimony before the Select Committee of the Senate into the Katyn Massacre, 2nd Session, US government publications, 1952, part 4, p. 555.

130
Churchill to Roosevelt 31 July 1940, C20x., in Warren F. Kimball (ed.),
Churchill and Roosevelt, the Complete Correspondence:
Vol. 1, Alliance Emerging, Collins, 1984, pp. 56–7.

131
See Robert Dallek,
Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy 1932–1945
, Oxford University Press, 1981, p. 51.

132
Ibid., p. 59.

133
From 17 December 1940 press conference, documents held in Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York.

134
Dallek,
Franklin D. Roosevelt
, p. 218.

135
FDR speech, 10 February 1940, to American Youth Congress in Washington, DC.

136
Gabriel Gorodetsky,
Grand Delusion, Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia
, Yale University Press, 1999, p. 56, Intelligence report of 29 September 1940.

137
BBC interview.

138
Krebs letter to Oberquartermeister IV in the General Staff in Berlin, 15 April 1941. Bundesarchiv/Militararchiv Vol.1 (July 1937 to June 1941).

139
Evan Mawdsley, ‘Crossing the Rubicon – Soviet plans for Offensive War in 1940–1941’,
International History Review
, 25 (2003), p. 853. Also Kershaw,
Fateful Choices
, p. 280.

140
Chris Bellamy,
Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War
, Macmillan, 2007, p. 97.

141
Gorodetsky,
Grand Delusion
, p. 174.

142
Presidential Archive, Moscow, F3. Op 50 D 415Ll, 50–52.

143
Winston Churchill,
The Second World War: The Grand Alliance
, Houghton Mifflin Books, 1986, p. 316.

144
Quoted in Gorodetsky,
Grand Delusion
, p. 244.

145
Mawdsley, ‘Crossing the Rubicon – Soviet Plans for Offensive War’, p. 864.

146
Hilger,
Incompatible Allies
, p. 312–13.

CHAPTER TWO: Decisive Moments

1
BBC interview.

2
BBC interview.

3
This is the Russian version of Lwów.

4
Bellamy,
Absolute War
, p. 187.

5
O. Romaniv and I. Fedushchak,
Western Ukranian Tragedy 1941
, Shevchenko Society, Ukranian Free University Foundation in USA, Library of Ukranian Studies, N18, Lviv – New York, p. 155.

6
BBC interview.

7
Serge Krushchev (ed.),
Memoirs of Nikita Krushchev: Commissar, Vol. 1
, Penn State University Press, 2005.

8
Anastas Mikoyan,
Tak Bylo (It Was Like This)
Vagrus, Moscow, pp. 390–2.

9
Ibid, p. 390.

10
Ibid.

11
Francoise Thorn (ed.), Sergio Beria,
Beria, My Father
, Duckworth, 2003, p. 71.

12
Dimitri Volkogonov,
Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy
, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1991, p. 413.

13
Churchill BBC Radio Broadcast, 22 June 1941 (BBK/C/87).

14
John Colville,
The Fringes of Power. Downing Street Diaries 1939–1955
, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, p. 350.

15
Bullock,
Hitler and Stalin, Parallel Lives
, p. 768.

16
Joan Beaumont,
Comrades in Arms: British Aid to Russia, 1941–1945
, Davis-Poynter, 1980, p. 26.

17
Quoted in
New York Times
, 24 June, 1941, p. 7.

18
Ross Munro,
Gauntlet to Overlord: The Story of the Canadian Army
, Mulberry Books Toronto, 1946, p. 284.

19
Ibid.

20
Ibid., p. 286.

21
Major Blake's report, 28/8/41 FO/371/29492.

22
Memo, 11 September 1941, FO 371/29490.

23
Warner memo, 17 September 1941, FO 371/29490.

24
Text of 7.15 bulletin, 9 September 1941, BBC Empire News, FO 371/29490.

25
Telegram from Cripps to Foreign Office, 9 September 1941, FO 371/29490.

26
Churchill,
The Grand Alliance
, p. 406.

27
Dallek,
Franklin D. Roosevelt
, p. 278.

28
Herbert Feis,
Churchill-Roosevelt-Stalin: The War They Waged and the Peace They Sought
, Princeton University Press, 1957, p. 10.

29
David M. Kennedy,
Freedom from Fear
, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 406.

30
James MacGregor Burns,
Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom
, Harvest Books, 2002, p. 114.

31
Dilks (ed.),
Cadogan Diaries
, p. 423, entry for 6 August 1941.

32
Harold Ickes,
The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes
, Da Capo, 1974, 12 May 1940.

33
Daily Mail
, 24 April 1935.

34
Bullock,
Parallel Lives
, p. 811.