The Next Species: The Future of Evolution in the Aftermath of Man (49 page)

Schick, Kathy,
34

Schieffelin, Eugene,
45

Schlesinger, William H.,
24
–26,
28
–29,
84
,
271

Biogeochemistry
,
24
–25

Schulenberg, Tom,
43

Scott, Robert,
40
–41,
226

Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
122

seamounts,
177
,
189

Sea of Cortez,
114
–16,
117
,
120

sea snails,
175

sea turtles,
113

Second Creation of Life,
18
–22

Second Life (3-D),
259

Sereno, Paul,
162

“sexy geek syndrome,”
255
–56

shark fin soup,
188
–89,
191

sharks,
188
–92

ampulae of Lorenzini,
189

bull,
190

declining numbers of,
119
,
125
,
188
–89

ecotourism,
191

great white,
111
–12,
191
–92,
194
,
195

hammerhead,
189

humans attacked by,
189
,
190
–91

mako,
192
–93

tiger,
189
,
190

Shemya Island,
185
–86

Shoemaker-Levy 9 (Jupiter),
267

shrimp,
115
,
119

Shumaker, Robert,
60
–61

Siberian Traps,
19
–20,
156

sickle-cell anemia,
94

Siegel, Bugsy,
142

Silman, Miles,
3

skin color,
239

slavery,
269

sloths, giant ground,
216

smallpox,
95

Smith, Felisa A.,
202
,
203
–4

Smith, Jim,
165

Smith, Stan,
143
,
147

Smith, William,
15

soil,
71

acid,
79
–80

augmented,
84
–85

black earth,
80
–82

endangered,
87
–88

experiments on,
72
–74

and food production,
74

permafrost,
247

pollution of,
77

radioactivity in,
85

types of,
87
–88

soil crusts, biological and mineral,
144
–45

solar system,
25

South Pole,
40
–41,
226

space simulations,
232
–33

species:

allopatric speciation,
253
–54

average longevity of,
265

and climate change,
3

“dead clade walking,” 7

declining number of,
2

definition of,
38

endangered,
5
,
7
,
133

fragmentation,
101
–2

invasive,
44
–49,
131
–32

new,
3
,
5
,
44

next,
263
–67

parapatric speciation,
253

peripatric speciation,
253

shoestring distributions,
3

specialization in,
4

superspecies,
264

sympatric speciation,
253
,
254
,
255

weedy,
181

sphingolipid mutations,
254

sponges,
14

Springer, Alan,
187

squid:

color changes in,
117

colossal,
194
,
195

giant,
178
,
193
–94

Humboldt (jumbo),
107
,
108
–9,
111
–13,
115
–17,
120
–21,
124
,
125
,
179
,
193
,
195
–96

Stager, Curt,
172
,
247
,
249

starlings,
45

starvation,
88

Stebbins, Robert C.,
254

Steinbeck, John,
114
–16,
117
–20

Stensen, Niels (aka Nicolas Steno),
15

Stewart, Julia,
124

Stoker, Carol,
232

Stramma, Lothar,
110

Suda-King, Chikako,
61

Sues, Hans-Dieter,
8
,
151
,
158
,
160
,
161
,
170
,
264

Sumatra, eruption on,
243
–44

Sumerians,
75

sun, ultraviolet light from,
29
–30

superbugs,
102
–6

superphosphate,
72

Suruí Indians,
97

Taebaek Mountains,
164

Talcher Coalfield, India,
40

Tallgrass Prairie Preserve, Oklahoma,
48

Tarling, Geraint,
175

Tattersall, Ian,
263

teeth,
31
–32,
52
,
201
,
203
,
214
,
238

Terborgh, John,
187
,
188

terraforming,
227

terra preta
(black earth),
80
–82

thermal buffering,
227

thermonuclear power,
267
–68

Thomas, Joanne,
86

Thornton, Ian,
156

Tibetan Plateau,
202
,
203

ticks,
98
–102,
209

time, problem of,
265

T
hoku earthquake, Japan,
166

tools:

evolution of,
236
–37

of Neanderthals,
58
–59

tortoise, Bolson,
206
,
210

Toth, Nicholas,
34

tourism,
140

tree snake, brown,
45

Triassic extinction:

causes of,
6

recovery from,
156
–59

Triassic Life on Land: The Great Transition
(Sues and Fraser),
161

Triassic period:

beginning of,
21
,
160

crocodile-like animals in,
161
–62

end of,
161
–62

Permian-Triassic boundary,
18
–19,
21
,
174

tropical rain forest,
1
–4

Truman, Harry Randall,
152

tuberculosis (TB),
104
,
105

Tutsis, size of,
254

ultraviolet light,
29
–30

umbrella effect,
136

United Nations Population Division,
268

Urbani, Carlo,
92

Urey, Harold,
26

Van Valkenburgh, Blaire,
201
,
204
–5,
215
–16

Venter, J. Craig,
230

Vicky (chimpanzee),
60

Victoria, queen of England,
74

Vietnam, demilitarized zone,
164
–65

Viking missions,
219
,
221

Vilcabamba Range,
1
–4,
43
–44

virtual worlds,
261

vision, development of,
33

voles,
99

Wagner, Richard,
222

Walcott, Charles,
30
,
32

Walford, Roy,
231

Wallace, Alfred Russel,
42

Ward, Peter,
176
,
213
,
256
–57,
270

water:

consumption in Southwestern US,
145
–48

critical for life,
25

from fog,
158

potable,
129
–32

from snowmelt,
145
,
146
,
147

wars fought over,
268

Weathers, Kathleen C.,
158

Weddell seals,
122

weedy species,
181

Wegener, Alfred,
The Origin of Continents and Oceans
,
41

Weiner, Jonathan,
239

whales,
167
–69

beluga,
171

breathing,
124
,
170

evolution of,
170

humpback,
168
–69

hunting of,
171
,
187

killer,
171
,
186
–87,
189
,
194

and krill,
169
–70

narwhals,
171

songs of,
169
,
170

sperm,
107
,
113
,
119
–20

Wharton, Bob,
227

white smokers,
28

Whittington, Harry Blackmore,
32

Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act (1971),
206

Wildlife Conservation Society,
211

wildlife market, international,
211

Wilson, Edward,
41

wind-chill factor,
171

Wiwaxia
,
32

wolves:

in Canidae family,
204
–5,
238

dire,
201
,
214

on Isle of Rum,
188

in Yellowstone,
187
,
209
,
211

women, rise of,
269
–70

Woods, William,
81

World Wildlife Federation (WWF),
181

Worm, Boris,
188

Xiaoming Wang,
202

Xiao Xiao (mouse),
257

Yanomami Indians,
96

Yellowstone National Park,
187
–88,
209
,
211

Younger Dryas event,
200
,
201
,
246
,
267

Zalasiewicz, Jan,
249
,
265

Zhu Zhuli,
18

zoonotic diseases,
91

zooplankton,
112

Zubrin, Robert,
222
–26,
227
–29

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Book design by Ellen R. Sasahara Jacket design by Christopher Lin Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tennesen, Michael.

The next species: the future of evolution in the aftermath of man / Michael Tennesen. — First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Evolution (Biology) 2. Mass extinctions. 3. Nature—Effect of human beings on. I. Title.

QH366.2.T465 2015

576.8—dc23

2014037267

ISBN 978-1-4516-7751-5

ISBN 978-1-4516-7753-9 (ebook)