Stalin (76 page)

For twenty-five years now I have been a proud member of the Robert Davies team. His dedication to the study of history and his amazing productivity are an example for us all.

Collaboration, interaction, and friendship with a number of historians have greatly contributed to my work. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Golfo Alexopoulos, Jörg Baberowski, Alain Blum, Yves Cohen, Marta Craveri, Victor Dönninghaus, Michael David-Fox, Mark Elie, Benno Ennker, Klaus Gestwa, Mark Harrison, Jana Howlett, Melanie Ilic, Nicolaus Katzer, Vladimir Kozlov, Sergei Kudryashov, Hiroaki Kuromiya, Terry Martin, Silvio Pons, Valeri Pozner, Arfon Rees, Andrea Romano, Ingrid Schierle, Robert Service, Jeremy Smith, Takeshi Tomita, Aleksandr Vatlin, Lynne Viola, Amir Weiner, Nicolas Werth, Stephen Wheatcroft, and Elena Zubkova.

Paul Gregory, Ron Suny, Sheila Fitzpatrick, Piter Solomon, and Dietrich Beyrau have been attentive and patient conversation partners for many years.

I would also like to express gratitude to the German Historical Institute in Moscow, Fondation Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, and the Ukrainian Studies Fund for their support.

As always, I would not miss this opportunity to wish success to my daughter Dasha.

As fate would have it, when I began work on this project my wife Katya fell ill. By the time I completed the manuscript, she was no longer with us.

To her, I dedicate this book.

Illustrations are indicated by Gallery number

Abakumov, Viktor Semenovich,

273

,

303

,

369

n39

Agriculture: collectivization,

110

–113,

115

–116,

299

,

300

,

322

and famine policy,

38

,

117

and food shortages,

184

–185,

278

,

300

–301,

323

–324

grain expropriation,

101

,

102

–104,

105

,

110

,

119

–120

grain reserves,

349

n35

interregnum period reforms,

302

,

315

livestock production,

299

–300,

374

n15

and New Economic Policy (NEP),

64

,

110

private plots,

7

,

111

,

112

,

124

,

278

quotas for grain deliveries,

123

–124

tsarist reforms,

27

.

Peasants

Air Force: accident rate in,

186

capacity of,

183

,

187

modernization of,

184

destruction of at start of war,

201

–202

Akhmatova, Anna,

265

,

368

n9

Alcohol consumption, at Stalin’s dacha,

5

–6

Alekseev, N. P.,

56

–57

Alexander III,

11

Alliluev, Pavel,

134

,

256

,

258

,

259

Alliluev, Sergei,

252

Allilueva, Anna,

30

,

256

,

258

,

259

Allilueva, Nadezhda.

Stalin, Nadezhda Allilueva

Allilueva (Alliluyeva), Svetlana: birth of,

253

childhood of,

254

,

256

, Gallery

8

,

9

,

11

on dacha lifestyle,

4

,

191

defection of,

260

Jewish husband of,

259

,

286

in public appearance,

136

,

137

relationship with father,

256

–257,

258

,

259

at Stalin’s deathbed,

250

,

313

–314

on Stalin’s health,

196

–197

on suicide of mother,

255

Alliluev family, Stalin’s friendship with,

48

–49,

252

Andreev, Andrei,

365

n142

Anti-Comintern Pact,

154

Anti-retreat units,

223

,

237

,

242

Anti-Semitism, as state policy,

284

–285,

304

,

309

Antonov, Aleksei Innokentievich,

227

,

364

n99

Appeasement policy,

163

,

167

,

168

Archival sources: citizens’ letters,

300

–301,

327

–329,

377

n35, n38

newly accessible,

ix

,

xii

,

xv

Stalin Collection,

xiii

–xiv

types of,

xii

visitor logs,

xiii

Aristov, Averky,

301

Atom bomb: Soviet,

293

U.S.,

248

Baberowski (Baberovski), Jörg,

21

Baku, Social Democratic movement in,

26

–27

Balitsky, Vsevolod,

115

Bank deposits, and currency reform,

275

,

277

,

279

Baramiia, Mikhail,

304

–305

Batum, revolutionary violence in,

22

–23

Beaverbrook, Lord,

212

Belarus: German invasion of,

204

and German-Soviet non-aggression pact,

166

Red Army campaign of 1944,

231

forced resettlement campaign in,

174

Soviet occupation of,

170

Beria, Lavrenty Pavlovich:

2

,

5

,

40

,

260

, Gallery

8

,

14

biography of,

332

–333n1

bribery charge against,

304

–305

on collaborators,

232

and ethnic deportations,

233

–234

fall of,

333

n1

on German prisoners of war,

231

in interregnum period,

312

in leadership reorganizations,

282

,

303

and Molotov scandal,

271

,

272

poisoning charge against,

338

n1

Politburo appointment of,

177

on Red Army crimes against civilians,

234

at Stalin’s deathbed,

142

,

143

,

189

,

312

and Stalin’s wartime safety,

211

state security under,

181

in wartime leadership,

203

,

204

,

205

,

206

,

225

,

240

,

269

as Yezhov’s deputy,

159

–160

Berlin blockade,

281

Berlin Conference,

247

–248

Berlin operation,

246

–247

Bessarabia,

166

,

173

,

174

Biography: archival exposés,

ix

–x

memoirs as source for,

xiv

–xv

pitfalls of genre,

xi

–xii

Bliukher, Vasily,

163

Bogdanov, Aleksandr,

94

Bolsheviks: armed robbery by,

25

–26

centralized party organization of,

36

–38

at European party congresses,

25

falsification of history of,

95

revolutionary agenda of,

24

Stalin’s conflicts with colleagues,

63

Stalin’s purge of old guard,

137

–139,

140

Stalin’s rise in leadership ranks,

28

,

54

,

65

–66

war readiness of,

153

.

Civil War

Collective leadership

Lenin

Revolution of 1917

Borisov, Mikhail,

128

,

132

,

133

Britain: appeasement of Hitler,

163

,

167

Churchill-Stalin meetings,

224

,

230

,

244

and Polish invasion,

169

–170

in postwar settlement,

270

second front plan,

223

–224,

228

,

229

wartime aid to Stalin,

211

,

212

Budenny, Semen,

202

,

361

n21

Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich:

68

,

90

,

94

, Gallery

6

on anti-Trotsky coalition,

81

–82

biography of,

343

n55

execution of,

140

-Kamenev secret meeting,

107

as oppositionist,

105

,

106

,

108

in power struggle,

75

–76,

77

,

78

,

80

Bukovina,

173

Bulgakov, Mikhail Afanasyevich,

96

,

346

n10

Bulganin, Nikolai Aleksandrovich,

2

biography of,

333

n1

in interregnum period,

312

in Mao’s Moscow visit,

289

at Stalin’s deathbed,

142

,

189

,

312

Stalin’s promotion of,

303

in wartime leadership,

241

Bulgaria, in Communist bloc,

281

Cannibalism, in famine of 1932–1933,

119

Capital investment, postwar,

299

,

322

Capture by enemy provisions (Order No. 270),

210

Caucasus region, culture of violence in,

21

–22

Central Committee: February-March 1937 plenum,

154

–155

majority faction,

80

Presidium,

305

–306,

312

Presidium Bureau,

306

,

311

,

312

Special Sector,

329

Stalin’s reorganization of,

178

Chadaev, Yakov,

181

,

202

,

221

Chamberlain, Austen,

88

Chamberlain, Neville,

163

(film),

96

Charkviani, Khristofor,

14

Chechens, forced relocation of,

233

Chiang Kai-shek,

288

“Children’s literature,”

xiv

–xv

China-Soviet relations: collective leadership debate on,

90

in Korean War,

294

,

296

Mao’s Soviet visit,

149

,

287

–288,

289

–293

non-aggression pact of 1937,

156

treaty of 1945,

91

,

288

,

290

treaty of 1950,

291